C# How to Read a Line From a Text File

Third letter of the Latin alphabet

C
C c
(See below)
Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic
Language of origin	Latin language
Phonetic usage	[c] [1000] [t͡ʃ] [t͡s(ʰ)] [d͡ʒ] [ʃ] [s̝] [ʕ] [ʔ] [θ] Others
Unicode codepoint	U+0043, U+0063
Alphabetical position	3 Numerical value: 3
History
Development	Γ γ 𐌂 C c
Variations	(See below)
Other
Associated numbers	3
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Assistance:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, meet IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

C, or c, is the 3rd alphabetic character in the English and ISO basic Latin alphabets. Its name in English language is cee (pronounced ), plural cees.^[1]

History

Egyptian	Phoenician gaml	Greek Gamma	Etruscan C	Former Latin C (One thousand)	Latin C

"C" comes from the same letter as "Thou". The Semites named information technology gimel. The sign is mayhap adjusted from an Egyptian hieroglyph for a staff sling, which may have been the meaning of the proper noun gimel. Another possibility is that it depicted a camel, the Semitic name for which was gamal. Barry B. Powell, a specialist in the history of writing, states "It is difficult to imagine how gimel = "camel" can be derived from the pic of a camel (it may testify his hump, or his head and neck!)".^[2]

In the Etruscan language, plosive consonants had no contrastive voicing, so the Greek 'Γ' (Gamma) was adopted into the Etruscan alphabet to represent /m/. Already in the Western Greek alphabet, Gamma first took a '' form in Early on Etruscan, then '' in Classical Etruscan. In Latin it somewhen took the 'c' form in Classical Latin. In the earliest Latin inscriptions, the letters 'c 1000 q' were used to stand for the sounds /k/ and /ɡ/ (which were non differentiated in writing). Of these, 'q' was used to stand for /yard/ or /ɡ/ earlier a rounded vowel, 'm' earlier 'a', and 'c' elsewhere.^[3] During the 3rd century BC, a modified character was introduced for /ɡ/, and 'c' itself was retained for /yard/. The utilise of 'c' (and its variant 'g') replaced nearly usages of 'thousand' and 'q'. Hence, in the classical menses and after, 'g' was treated as the equivalent of Greek gamma, and 'c' equally the equivalent of kappa; this shows in the romanization of Greek words, as in 'ΚΑΔΜΟΣ', 'ΚΥΡΟΣ', and 'ΦΩΚΙΣ' came into Latin every bit 'cadmvs', 'cyrvs' and 'phocis', respectively.

Other alphabets have messages homoglyphic to 'c' but not analogous in use and derivation, similar the Cyrillic letter Es (С, с) which derives from the lunate sigma, named due to its resemblance to the crescent moon.

After use

When the Roman alphabet was introduced into Britain, ⟨c⟩ represented merely /k/, and this value of the letter has been retained in loanwords to all the insular Celtic languages: in Welsh,^[4] Irish, Gaelic, ⟨c⟩ represents only /grand/. The One-time English Latin-based writing arrangement was learned from the Celts, apparently of Ireland; hence ⟨c⟩ in Erstwhile English likewise originally represented /k/; the Modernistic English language words kin, suspension, broken, thick, and seek all come from Old English words written with ⟨c⟩: cyn, brecan, brocen, þicc , and séoc . Even so, during the form of the Old English period, /yard/ earlier front vowels (/east/ and /i/) were palatalized, having changed by the 10th century to [tʃ], though ⟨c⟩ was still used, every bit in cir(i)ce, wrecc(east)a . On the continent, meanwhile, a like phonetic change had also been going on (for example, in Italian).

In Vulgar Latin, /thou/ became palatalized to [tʃ] in Italy and Dalmatia; in France and the Iberian peninsula, it became [ts]. Even so for these new sounds ⟨c⟩ was yet used earlier the messages ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. The alphabetic character thus represented two distinct values. Subsequently, the Latin phoneme /m^{due west}/ (spelled ⟨qv⟩) de-labialized to /chiliad/ significant that the diverse Romance languages had /one thousand/ before front vowels. In add-on, Norman used the letter ⟨g⟩ so that the audio /one thousand/ could be represented by either ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩, the latter of which could correspond either /k/ or /ts/ depending on whether it preceded a front vowel letter or not. The convention of using both ⟨c⟩ and ⟨k⟩ was applied to the writing of English subsequently the Norman Conquest, causing a considerable re-spelling of the Old English words. Thus while Onetime English language candel, clif, corn, ingather, cú , remained unchanged, Cent, cǣᵹ (cēᵹ), cyng, brece, sēoce , were at present (without whatsoever change of audio) spelled Kent, keȝ, kyng, breke , and seoke ; even cniht ('knight') was subsequently inverse to kniht and þic ('thick') changed to thik or thikk . The Quondam English ⟨cw⟩ was besides at length displaced by the French ⟨qu⟩ so that the Old English cwēn ('queen') and cwic ('quick') became Middle English quen and quik , respectively. The sound [tʃ], to which Old English palatalized /yard/ had advanced, likewise occurred in French, chiefly from Latin /yard/ before ⟨a⟩. In French it was represented past the digraph ⟨ch⟩, as in champ (from Latin camp-um ) and this spelling was introduced into English: the Hatton Gospels, written c.  1160, have in Matt. i-iii, child, chyld, riche, mychel , for the cild, rice, mycel, of the Erstwhile English version whence they were copied. In these cases, the Sometime English ⟨c⟩ gave way to ⟨k⟩, ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨ch⟩; on the other hand, ⟨c⟩ in its new value of /ts/ appeared largely in French words like processiun, emperice and grace , and was also substituted for ⟨ts⟩ in a few Old English words, as miltse, bletsien , in early Middle English milce, blecien . By the terminate of the thirteenth century both in France and England, this sound /ts/ de-affricated to /s/; and from that time ⟨c⟩ has represented /southward/ before front vowels either for etymological reasons, as in lance, cent, or to avoid the ambiguity due to the "etymological" utilize of ⟨due south⟩ for /z/, as in ace, mice, once, pence, defence.

Thus, to evidence etymology, English spelling has advise, devise (instead of *advize, *devize), while communication, device, dice, water ice, mice, twice, etc., practise non reflect etymology; example has extended this to hence, pence, defence, etc., where in that location is no etymological reason for using ⟨c⟩. Former generations as well wrote sence for sense. Hence, today the Romance languages and English take a common feature inherited from Vulgar Latin spelling conventions where ⟨c⟩ takes on either a "hard" or "soft" value depending on the post-obit letter.

Pronunciation and use

Pronunciations of Cc

Most mutual pronunciation: /k/ Languages in italics do not use the Latin alphabet
Language	Dialect(s)	Pronunciation (IPA)	Surroundings	Notes
Arabic	Cypriot Arabic	/ʕ/		Latinization
Azeri		/dʒ/
Berber		/ʃ/		Latinization
Bukawa		/ʔ/
Catalan		/grand/
		/s/	Before e, i
Crimean Tatar		/dʒ/
Cornish		/southward/		Standard Written Form
Czech		/ts/
Danish		/k/
		/s/	Before e, i, y, æ, ø
Dutch		/k/
		/s/	Before e, i, y
		/tʃ/	Earlier due east, i,y	in loanwords from Italian
English		/1000/
		/s/	Before e, i, y
Fijian		/ð/
Filipino		/thou/
		/due south/	Before e, i
French		/k/
		/southward/	Before e, i, y
Fula		/tʃ/
Gagauz		/dʒ/
Galician		/k/
		/θ/	Before e, i
		/s/	Earlier e, i	in seseo zones
Hausa		/tʃ/
Hungarian		/ts/
Indonesian		/tʃ/
Irish gaelic		/k/
		/c/	Before e, i; or subsequently i
Italian		/thousand/
		/tʃ/	Before e, i
Kurdish	Kurmanji	/dʒ/
Latvian		/ts/
Malay		/tʃ/
Mandarin	Standard	/tsʰ/		Pinyin latinization
Manding		/tʃ/
Polish		/ts/
Portuguese		/1000/
		/south/	Earlier e, i, y
Romanian		/tʃ/	Before e, i
		/k/
Romansh		/ts/	Before eastward, i
		/k/
Scottish Gaelic		/kʰ/
		/kʰʲ/	Before e, i; or after i
Serbo-Croatian		/ts/
Slovak		/ts/
Slovenian		/ts/
Somali		/ʕ/
Spanish	All	/1000/
	Most of European	/θ/	Before e, i, y
	American, Andalusian, Canarian	/s/	Before e, i, y
Swedish		/m/
		/s/	Before due east, i, y, ä, ö
Turkish		/dʒ/
Valencian		/k/
		/s/	Before e, i
Vietnamese		/g/
		/k̚/	Discussion-final
		/kp/	Word-final after u, ô, o
Welsh		/1000/
Xhosa		/ǀ/
Yabem		/ʔ/
Yup'ik		/tʃ/
Zulu		/ǀ/

English language

In English language orthography, ⟨c⟩ generally represents the "soft" value of before the messages ⟨due east⟩ (including the Latin-derived digraphs ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩, or the corresponding ligatures ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩), ⟨i⟩, and ⟨y⟩, and a "hard" value of before whatsoever other letters or at the end of a give-and-take. Even so, there are a number of exceptions in English: "soccer" and "Celt" are words that have where would be expected.

The "soft" ⟨c⟩ may stand for the sound in the digraph ⟨ci⟩ when this precedes a vowel, as in the words 'delicious' and 'appreciate', and also in the word "body of water" and its derivatives.

The digraph ⟨ch⟩ most commonly represents , but can too represent (mainly in words of Greek origin) or (mainly in words of French origin). For some dialects of English language, it may besides represent in words similar loch, while other speakers pronounce the concluding audio equally . The trigraph ⟨tch⟩ ever represents .

The digraph ⟨ck⟩ is often used to represent the sound after short vowels, like "wicket".

C is the twelfth almost frequently used letter in the English language linguistic communication (later on East, T, A, O, I, N, S, H, R, D, and L), with a frequency of about 2.8% in words.

Other languages

In the Romance languages French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian and Portuguese, ⟨c⟩ generally has a "hard" value of /k/ and a "soft" value whose pronunciation varies by linguistic communication. In French, Portuguese, Catalan and Spanish from Latin America and some places in Spain, the soft ⟨c⟩ value is /south/ as information technology is in English language. In the Spanish spoken in most of Spain, the soft ⟨c⟩ is a voiceless dental fricative /θ/. In Italian and Romanian, the soft ⟨c⟩ is [t͡ʃ].

Germanic languages normally use c for Romance loans or digraphs, such as ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨ck⟩, but the rules vary across languages. Dutch uses ⟨c⟩ the near, for all Romance loans and the digraph ⟨ch⟩, but unlike English, does not use ⟨c⟩ for native Germanic words like komen, "come". German language uses ⟨c⟩ in the digraphs ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨ck⟩, and the trigraph ⟨sch⟩, but only by itself in unassimilated loanwords and place names. Danish keeps soft ⟨c⟩ in Romance words but changes difficult ⟨c⟩ to ⟨chiliad⟩. Swedish has the same rules for soft and hard ⟨c⟩ as Danish, and also uses ⟨c⟩ in the digraph ⟨ck⟩ and the very mutual discussion och, "and". Norwegian, Afrikaans, and Icelandic are the most restrictive, replacing all cases of ⟨c⟩ with ⟨k⟩ or ⟨due south⟩, and reserving ⟨c⟩ for unassimilated loanwords and names.

All Balto-Slavic languages that use the Latin alphabet, also every bit Albanian, Hungarian, Pashto, several Sami languages, Esperanto, Ido, Interlingua, and Americanist phonetic annotation (and those ancient languages of North America whose practical orthography derives from it) use ⟨c⟩ to represent /t͡s/, the voiceless alveolar or voiceless dental sibilant affricate. In Hanyu Pinyin, the standard romanization of Mandarin Chinese, the letter represents an aspirated version of this sound, /t͡s^h/.

Amid non-European languages that have adopted the Latin alphabet, ⟨c⟩ represents a variety of sounds. Yup'ik, Indonesian, Malay, and a number of African languages such equally Hausa, Fula, and Manding share the soft Italian value of /t͡ʃ/. In Azeri, Crimean Tatar, Kurmanji Kurdish, and Turkish ⟨c⟩ stands for the voiced counterpart of this audio, the voiced postalveolar affricate /d͡ʒ/. In Yabem and like languages, such as Bukawa, ⟨c⟩ stands for a glottal stop /ʔ/. Xhosa and Zulu utilize this alphabetic character to represent the click /ǀ/. In another African languages, such as Berber languages, ⟨c⟩ is used for /ʃ/. In Fijian, ⟨c⟩ stands for a voiced dental fricative /ð/, while in Somali it has the value of /ʕ/.

The letter ⟨c⟩ is also used as a transliteration of Cyrillic ⟨ц⟩ in the Latin forms of Serbian, Macedonian, and sometimes Ukrainian, forth with the digraph ⟨ts⟩.

Other systems

As a phonetic symbol, lowercase ⟨c⟩ is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and X-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless palatal plosive, and majuscule ⟨C⟩ is the X-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless palatal fricative.

Digraphs

In that location are several common digraphs with ⟨c⟩, the most common being ⟨ch⟩, which in some languages (such equally German language) is far more common than ⟨c⟩ alone. ⟨ch⟩ takes various values in other languages.

As in English, ⟨ck⟩, with the value /g/, is frequently used after short vowels in other Germanic languages such as German language and Swedish (other Germanic languages, such every bit Dutch and Norwegian, apply ⟨kk⟩ instead). The digraph ⟨cz⟩ is found in Polish and ⟨cs⟩ in Hungarian, representing /t͡ʂ/ and /t͡ʃ/ respectively. The digraph ⟨sc⟩ represents /ʃ/ in Old English, Italian, and a few languages related to Italian (where this only happens before front vowels, while otherwise it represents /sk/). The trigraph ⟨sch⟩ represents /ʃ/ in German.

Ancestors, descendants and siblings

A curled C in the coat of arms of Porvoo

• 𐤂 : Semitic letter Gimel, from which the following symbols originally derive
  • Γ γ  : Greek alphabetic character Gamma, from which C derives
    • Yard yard : Latin letter Chiliad, which is derived from Latin C
      • Ȝ ȝ : Latin letter Ȝ, which is derived from Latin 1000
• Phonetic alphabet symbols related to C:
  • ɕ : Small c with scroll
  • ʗ : stretched C
• ᶜ : Modifier alphabetic character small c^[five]
• ᶝ : Modifier letter small c with curl^[five]
• ᴄ : Pocket-size capital c is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.^[6]
• Ꞔ ꞔ : C with palatal hook, used for writing Mandarin Chinese using the early on typhoon version of pinyin romanization during the mid-1950s^[7]

Add to C with diacritics

• C with diacritics: Ć ć Ĉ ĉ Č č Ċ ċ Ḉ ḉ Ƈ ƈ C̈ c̈ Ȼ ȼ Ç ç Ꞔ ꞔ Ꞓ ꞓ
• Ↄ ↄ : Claudian letters^[8]

Derived ligatures, abbreviations, signs and symbols

• © : copyright symbol
• ℃ : caste Celsius
• ¢ : cent
• ₡ : colón (currency)
• ₢ : Brazilian cruzeiro (currency)
• ₵ : Ghana cedi (currency)
• ₠ : European Currency Unit CE
• ${\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }$  : blackboard bold C, cogent the circuitous numbers
• ℭ : blackletter C
• Ꜿ ꜿ : Medieval abbreviation for Latin syllables con- and com-, Portuguese -u.s. and -os^[ix]

Code points

These are the code points for the forms of the letter in various systems

Character information

Preview	C		c
Unicode proper name	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C		LATIN Pocket-size LETTER C
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	67	U+0043	99	U+0063
UTF-viii	67	43	99	63
Numeric character reference	C	C	c	c
EBCDIC family	195	C3	131	83
ASCII 1	67	43	99	63

^one Too for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

In Unicode, C is also encoded in various font styles for mathematical purposes; see Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols.

Other representations

Use every bit a number

In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering organisation, C is a number that corresponds to the number 12 in decimal (base 10) counting.

See too

• Hard and soft C
• Speed of calorie-free, c

References

1. ^ "C" Oxford English language Lexicon, 2d edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English language Language, Unabridged (1993); "cee", op. cit.
2. ^ Powell, Barry B. (27 Mar 2009). Writing: Theory and History of the Engineering science of Culture. Wiley Blackwell. p. 182. ISBN978-1405162562.
3. ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995). New Comparative Grammer of Greek and Latin (illustrated ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN0-xix-508345-8.
4. ^ "Reading Centre Welsh -- 29 Medieval Spelling". www.mit.edu . Retrieved 2019-xi-19 .
5. ^ ^{a b} Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
6. ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
7. ^ West, Andrew; Chan, Eiso; Everson, Michael (2017-01-sixteen). "L2/17-013: Proposal to encode three uppercase Latin messages used in early Pinyin" (PDF).
8. ^ Everson, Michael (2005-08-12). "L2/05-193R2: Proposal to add Claudian Latin letters to the UCS" (PDF).
9. ^ Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-30). "L2/06-027: Proposal to add together Medievalist characters to the UCS" (PDF).

External links

hardenfiveraver.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C

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